Long, complex arguments — spoken or written — need signposts so listeners and readers never get lost.

Notice

  • Sequencing: “Firstly… Moreover… Finally…”
  • Reformulating: “To put it another way…” “In other words…”
  • Shifting topic while acknowledging what came before: “That said…” “Having said that…” “On a related note…”

Rule

Rule: signposting phrases carry little content of their own — their job is purely structural, showing your audience where the argument is going next. At C2, fluent signposting is often what makes a long spoken answer sound organised rather than rambling.

Practice

  1. Which signpost would you use to restate a complex point more simply?
    Answer: “In other words…” or “To put it another way…”
  2. Which signpost lets you return to an earlier point after a brief detour?
    Answer: “Going back to what I said earlier…” or “As I mentioned before…”
  3. Use “that said” correctly in a sentence about a flawed but useful plan.
    Answer: Example: “The plan has real risks. That said, it’s still our best option right now.”
  4. Why do signposting phrases matter more in spoken language than in short written texts?
    Answer: Listeners cannot re-read or pause, so clear verbal signposts help them follow a long or complex argument in real time.

Connect

Practise structuring a long argument with clear signposting in the Writing Practice Hub.

Try Writing Practice Hub →

CEFR: C2

Azizul Hakim
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